The cognitive interview was developed by Fisher & Geiselman (1992) as a series of memory retrieval and communication techniques to improve recall in police interviews.
Anxiety Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
There is conflicting evidence about the effect of stress and anxiety on the accuracy of EWT (i.e., the accuracy of witness recall). Many psychologists believe that anxiety affects the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in a negative way (decreases the accuracy), whilst others believe that anxiety can improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
The Effects of Misleading Information on the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony (Leading Questions) Description, AO1 Research into the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony – Leading Questions: Loftus and Palmer (1974) Elizabeth […]
Explanations For Forgetting – Proactive And Retroactive Interference And Retrieval Failure Due To Absence Of Cues
The failure to retrieve memories (retrieval failure), with explanations of forgetting focusing on the idea that we may not be able to remember a memory because;
a) it is no longer available in the memory store,
b) there is an issue retrieving the memory.
The Multi-Store model of memory states that LTM has an unlimited capacity, and memories have a duration of potentially a lifetime. However, we know by experience that we forget information stored in the LTM. But does that mean the memories are gone (availability), or we just can’t reach them (accessibility)?
The working memory model, Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Baddeley & Hitch’s (1974) Working Memory Model (WMM) arose out of criticisms aimed at the Multi-Store Model (MSM), particularly the idea that STM was a unitary store – to test this Baddeley and Hitch devised the dual-task technique.
Types of long term memory
(1) Episodic memory (part of the explicit LTM – (conscious))
- Personal experiences (episodes/events) E.g. memory of your first day at school, family holiday etc…
- Specific details of event (who was there, time and place)
- Context (what happened before/after, why the event happened)
- Emotions (felt at the time)
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
AO1, Definition of ‘Memory’: The process by which we retain information about events that have happened in the past. This includes fleeting (short term) memories as well as memories that last for longer (long term). Research has identified a number of key differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) in terms of the way these types of memory work.
